Secrets Behind Ancient Mesopotamia Culture

Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "The land between the two rivers")^[1] is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern Iraq^[2], northeastern Syria,^[2] southeastern Turkey,^[2] and the Khūzestān Province of southwestern Iran^[3][4].
Commonly known as the "Cradle of civilization", Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian Empires. In the Iron Age, it was conquered into the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which gave way to the Achaemenid Empire. It mostly remained under Persian rule until the 7th century Islamic conquest of the Sassanid Empire.

History

Mesopotamian history extends from the emergence of Urban societies in Southern Iraq in the 5th millennium BC to the arrival of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC (which is seen as the hallmark of the Hellenization of the Near East, therefore supposedly marking the "end" of Mesopotamia). A cultural continuity and spatial homogeneity for this entire historical geography ("the Great Tradition") is popularly assumed, though the assumption is problematic. Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient states with highly developed social complexity. The region was famous as one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was first invented, along with the Nile valley in Egypt, the Indus Valley in the Indian subcontinent and Yellow River valley in China (Although writing is also known to have arisen independently in Mesoamerica and the Andes).
Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, and Babylon as well as major territorial states such as the Akkadian kingdom, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Assyrian empire. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon (who established the Akkadian Kingdom), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), and Tiglath-Pileser I (who established the Assyrian Empire).
"Ancient Mesopotamia" includes the period from the late 6th millennium BC until the rise of the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BC. This long period may be divided as follows:

• Late Neolithic:
  • Hassuna, Samarra and Halaf "cultures"

• Chalcolithic:
  • Ubaid period (ca 5900 BC–4000 BC)
  • Uruk period (ca 4000 BC–3100 BC)
    • Jemdet Nasr Period (ca 3100 BC–2900 BC)

• Early Bronze Age
  • Early Dynastic city states (ca 2900 BC–2350 BC)
  • Akkadian Empire (ca 2350 BC–2193 BC).
  • Third dynasty of Ur ("Sumerian Renaissance" or "Neo-Sumerian Period") (ca 2119 BC–2004 BC)

• Middle Bronze Age
  • Early Assyrian kingdom (20th to 18th c. BC)
  • First Babylonian Dynasty (18th to 17th c. BC)

• Late Bronze Age
  • Kassite dynasty, Middle Assyrian period (16th to 12th c. BC)

• Iron Age
  • Syro-Hittite or Neo-Hittite regional states (11th–7th c. BC)
  • Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th to 7th c. BC)
  • Neo-Babylonian Empire (7th to 6th c. BC)
  • Achaemenid Persian Empire (6th-4th c. BC)

Dates are approximate for the second and third millennia BC; compare Chronology of the Ancient Near East.

The Development of Writing: clay tokens in hollow balls

Pre-cuneiform pictographic writing, late fourth millennium BC:

Cuneiform:
Cylinder seals:Law Codes (Hammurabi, c.1750 BC)

A Ziggurat:
Warfare and the rise of monarchy: The "Standard of Ur" (2600 BC)

A worshipper:

Religion: votive offering from Lagash

The Propaganda of Victory: Naram-Sin, c.2250

The First "Empire" in History: Sargon of Akkad, 2370 BC

The costs of monarchy: the "Great Death Pit" of Ur

Gudea, "Big Man" of Lagash

The lugal, "Big Man"

The source of his power: loyal soldiers